Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Read online

  Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho

  Stephen Rebello

  TO MY FAMILY,

  who keep me honest.

  Contents

  Chapter 1 - The Awful Truth

  The Atrocities of Ed Gein

  Chapter 2 - The Novel

  Yours Truly, Robert Bloch

  Chapter 3 - The Director

  The Trouble With Alfred

  Chapter 4 - The Deal

  Hitchcock Outmaneuvers

  Chapter 5 - The Screenplays

  Writing Is Rewriting

  Chapter 6 - Preproduction

  The Studio

  The Technical Crew

  Casting

  Production Design

  Wardrobe

  Makeup

  Hitchcock vs. Censors: Round One

  Chapter 7 - Shooting

  Production #9401, Hitchcock’s “30-Day Picture”

  A Set Divided

  The Director Innovates

  No Photographs, Please

  Hitchcock Amuses Himself

  Saul Bass and Screaming In The Shower

  Arbogast Meets Mother

  Endgame

  Chapter 8 - Postproduction

  Retakes, Quibbles, and Indecision

  The Sound of Mother

  The First Screenings

  Sounds and Music

  Titles

  Hitchcock Braves Another Screening

  Director Vs. Censors, Round Two

  Chapter 9 - Publicity

  The Care and Handling of Psycho

  Chapter 10 - The Release

  The World Goes Psycho

  Hitchcock and The Oscars: “Always A Bridesmaid?”

  Chapter 11 - Afterglow and Aftermath

  Psycho

  Cast and Credits

  Psycho on Video

  Psycho Soundtract

  The Films of Alfred Hitchcock

  Silent

  Sound

  Television

  A Note on Sources

  Selected Bibliography

  Acknowledgements

  Index

  “Film should be stronger than reason.”

  —ALFRED HITCHCOCK

  1.

  The Awful Truth

  The Atrocities of Ed Gein

  There was a young man named Ed

  Who would not take a woman to bed

  When he wanted to diddle,

  He cut out the middle

  And hung the rest in a shed.

  ANONYMOUS, 1957

  IN LATE NOVEMBER 1957, NO one would have marked Plainfield as unlike any other hardscrabble, rawboned Wisconsin farm hamlet. That winter was especially raw. Ask any of the friendly townies of third-and fourth-generation German and French stock. In flat, laconic tones, they recite litanies of burst water mains and permafrost; of nights spent hunkering down against slashing winds and rains that blew east along Canada’s border. But that November also saw Plainfield mentioned in newspapers across the country. Remind these dairyland types about that little bit of business and their open faces wall up. They begin to study their shoes or make excuses before they beg off. That month, in 1957, Plainfield police smoked out an oafish fifty-one-year-old, odd-job-and-errands-man named Ed Gein (rhymes with mean) as one of the grisliest mass murderers America ever spawned.

  Long before the headlines were to brand Gein as a bogeyman, his rural, God-fearing community of seven hundred had chalked him off as a crank. A perpetually grinning, unmarried recluse, Gein rambled over 160 ruined acres once farmed by his parents and brother. Even locals who never gave a second thought to hiring Gein for errands or baby-sitting had wearied of his harebrained theories. He liked to rag on the whys and wherefores of criminals who fouled up, or yammer endlessly, and pitifully, about women. Plainfield-ers recall his clinical obsession with anatomy and with the sex-change operation of Christine Jorgensen. But there was more to Gein than loony talk. That came home with a vengeance with the discovery of bloodstains on the floor of Bernice Worden’s general store on November 16.

  Customers had marked it as odd that Worden’s store had been closed since before noon that Saturday, her busiest day. No one had seen the steady, well-liked storekeeper since the previous day. Her pickup truck was missing from its usual spot. Concerned, Worden’s deputy sheriff son, Frank, let himself into the store. A late entry in Worden’s sales book (“½ gall. antifreeze”) triggered Frank’s recollection of Ed Gein’s loafing about the store the previous week. Gein had asked whether Frank would be out deer hunting on Saturday. When Frank answered that he would, Gein casually mentioned he might be back for a can of antifreeze.

  On Frank Worden’s tip, Sheriff Art Schley and Captain Lloyd Schoephoerster made tracks for Gein’s lonesome, decaying hermitage. The hand of death had first passed over the stark farmland when Gein’s father succumbed to a stroke in 1940. Four years later, a fire claimed the life of Ed’s older brother, Henry, and, the following year, Gein’s hellfire-and-brimstone-spouting mother met her maker, too. Now, Gein lived alone—or so it had seemed.

  Gein was elsewhere when the law came to call. Schley and his officers lighted the way with kerosene lamps and flashlights; the old house was only partly jerry-wired for electricity. The lawmen picked their way through a rat’s nest of browning newspapers, pulp magazines, anatomy books, embalming supplies, food cartons, tin cans, and random debris. Upstairs, five empty, unused rooms slept under blankets of dust; by contrast, the bedroom of Gein’s late mother and a living room, both nailed shut, were kept pristine.

  Raking the rubble of Gein’s kitchen and bedroom, the officers uncovered sights for which no highway wreck or Saturday night special shoot-’em-up had prepared them. Grinning, loose-toothed Ed Gein did not live alone, after all. Sharing his abode were two shin bones. Two pairs of human lips on a string. A cupful of human noses that sat on the kitchen table. A human skin purse and bracelets. Four flesh-upholstered chairs. A tidy row of ten grimacing human skulls. A tom-tom rigged from a quart can with skin stretched across the top and bottom. A soup bowl fashioned from an inverted human half-skull. The eviscerated skins of four women’s faces, rouged, made-up, and thumbtacked to the wall at eye level. Five “replacement” faces secured in plastic bags. Ten female heads, hacked off at the eyebrow. A rolled-up pair of leggings and skin “vest,” including the mammaries, severed from another unfortunate.

  In the adjacent smokehouse shed, police found what they would later identify as having once been Bernice Worden. Nude, headless, dangling by the heels, she had been disemboweled like a steer. Sitting atop a pot-bellied stove in the adjacent kitchen was a pan of water in which floated a human heart. The freezer compartment of the refrigerator was stocked with carefully wrapped human organs.

  “I didn’t have anything to do with it. I just heard about it while I was eating supper,” mumbled Gein when Frank Worden located and confronted him about the discovery of Bernice’s corpse. Worden arrested Gein on the spot. In no time flat, Plainfield’s Caspar Milquetoast underwent a lie detector test, a murder charge, and psychiatric examinations at Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane. Until then, no one had credited the mutterings of a shiftless crank about his “collection of shrunken heads.” No one paid any mind to his inside knowledge of the area’s many unsolved disappearances of women. The Gein farmhouse offered testimony not only to man’s fathomless capacity for the barbaric, but also to the ability of an entire community to deny its very existence. “It can’t happen here,” insists the satiric lyric of a Frank Zappa song, “Help I’m a Rock.” The “here” in question is the human heart and mind.

  Gein met the probing of his examiners with barely au
dible, monotone ramblings. His memory was murky. He admitted to only two murders, claiming he was “in a daze” during both. No law officer, psychiatrist, or court examiner could penetrate Gein’s motivations. Yes, he admitted to dismantling Bernice Worden’s cash register and removing $41. Yes, he had also exhumed his first cadaver with a farmer crony, Gus. Yet his rationale for both was identical: He liked “taking things apart” to see “how things work.”

  Deep in the night, while his hard-working neighbors made love, snored, studied the Good Book, and fretted over bills, bland, simple Ed Gein delved into the mystery of “how things worked” by traipsing around the farm with the skin, hair, and face mask of newly exhumed corpses strapped to his naked body. Authorities discovered that Gein’s first graveyard visit led to forty-odd other digs—always graves of females—often just a stone’s throw from the final resting place of his mother. He told his examiners that he and Gus (who had died several years earlier of natural causes) buried the bones and incinerated less-interesting body parts in the Gein stove. When newspapers reported that Gein claimed “I never shot a deer,” how many locals shuddered at the memory of plastic bags packed with tasty “venison” given them by Gein?

  Gein made his first kill in 1955 when, late one bitter winter night, his .32 rifle drew a bead on a bosomy, fifty-one-year-old, divorced tavern owner. Using a sled, Gein dragged the body of Mary Hogan to his “summer kitchen” shed. Police suspected Gein of torturing and murdering at least ten other victims between Mary Hogan and Bernice Worden. He never owned up to them before being judged criminally insane and sentenced to life at Central State Hospital.

  Local newspapers, some of which dubbed Gein “the mad butcher,” reported only his murders and alleged cannibalism. Transvestism, grave robbing, and, as some speculated, an incestuous relationship with Mom apparently went beyond the limits of even big-city reportage of the 1950s. For “America’s dairyland,” such topics were literally unspeakable. But what the newspapers suppressed, back-fence rumors and sick jokes spelled out. The press and the ambulance chasers attached themselves to Plainfield like piranha on a drowning sumo wrestler. Cars packed with the curious drove miles to aim Brownie cameras and to stone Gein’s “murder house.” Outraged locals circled the wagons and closed their minds. Yet many natives were known to drive miles out of their way to bypass the Gein farm. Inevitably, there were cracks in the wall of denial. Physicians throughout the state found their offices packed with patients complaining of gastrointestinal symptoms. Local psychiatrists treated many ids scrambled by Gein’s penchant for “spare parts.”

  Sick jokes, “Gein-ers” the locals called them, ran rampant. Setup: “How were Ed Gein’s folks?” Payoff: “Delicious.” Or “What’s Ed Gein’s phone number?,” which drew the response: “O-I-C-U-8-1-2.” And this to defuse another unspoken terror: “Why could no one ever keep Gein in jail?” Punchline: “Because he’d just draw a picture of a woman on the wall and eat his way out.” Bar hounds roused boozy yuks by ordering Gein Beer (“Lots of body, but no head”), and corn-fed tykes with faces like Campbell’s Soup can kids jumped rope, chanting:

  ’Twas the night before Christmas

  And all through the school,

  Not a creature was stirring

  Not even a mule.

  The teachers were hung

  From the ceiling with care

  In hope that Ed Gein

  Soon would be there.

  To the day of Gein’s quiet, uneventful death on July 26, 1984 in the asylum, hospital workers described him as “tractable,” “harmless.” His awareness of the outside world was minimal. Of his crimes he was virtually an amnesiac. Perhaps hoping to purge Plainfield of the Gein legacy, unknown persons torched the farm over two decades ago. To this day, the morbid, the crime buffs, the thrill seekers, and the marginals make pilgrimages to the ruins. And locals admit a Yuletide never passes without some child’s warbling, “Deck the halls with limbs of Mollie.”

  No one can measure the shock waves unleashed by Ed Gein’s monstrous acts or the anguish he inflicted upon his victims or their survivors. In 1957, most Americans preferred to perceive themselves as God-fearing, clean-living men in gray flannel suits, or perfectly perfect Doris Day wives, or wholesome kids next door like Shirley Jones and Pat Boone in April Love. We elected a president named Eisenhower, twirled hula hoops, and watched “Ozzie and Harriet.” But in a town less than forty miles from Plainfield, at least one man stared hard into the bathroom mirror while shaving. He brooded over Gein, thought of himself, and shuddered.

  2.

  The Novel

  Yours Truly, Robert Bloch

  WEYAUWEGA, WISCONSIN, LIES THIRTY-NINE miles from Plainfield.

  Robert Bloch—an unassuming, literate, forty-year-old writer—was unsettled by what he glimpsed of his soul as he stared into the bathroom mirror one morning. Bloch had just finished writing a new novel. He perceived that he had perhaps disinterred nasty, unvoiced things—about himself, about the human spirit. True, this new book was not the first time he had trafficked with the dark side. An acolyte/protégé of the High Priest of fantasy-horror fiction, H. P. Lovecraft, Bloch had been exploring the underbelly since 1934 with “Lilies,” a story he sold to Marvel Tales at age seventeen. When he had read the first newspaper reports of the Ed Gein case, Bloch was best known for The Scarf, a novel he had written eight years earlier. That book opens with the lines: “Fetish? You name it. All I know is that I’ve always had to have it with me.”

  Although Bloch and his wife were not subscribers to the local mouthpiece, the Weyauwega Chronicle, the writer had hungrily searched out a few meager paragraphs about Gein that lay buried among in-depth accounts of church bazaars and daily homilies-to-live-by. When Bloch scoured the bigger, Milwaukee papers, he puzzled over how even they played down the case. A wry, elfin man with a sonorous voice, Bloch recalls, “Facts were sparse, since the news didn’t care to play up unsavory local happenings. All I could learn was that a man had been arrested after murdering the proprietress of a local hardware store found hanging in his farm dressed-out like a deer. Then, the police found other, ‘unspecified’ evidence which led one to believe he had not only committed previous crimes but perhaps dug up some graves.”

  The raw facts so gripped Bloch, he began to take notes furiously. The writer observed: “I wondered how this man, never suspected of any kind of wrongdoing, in a town where if someone sneezed on the north side of town, someone on the south said ‘Gesundheit,’ was only suddenly discovered to be a mass murderer. I was also puzzled by how unanxious his neighbors were to speak about these crimes. I said to myself: ‘There’s a story here.’”

  Starting off with the few scraps he had gleaned about Gein, Bloch plunged himself into imaginings about a central character for a proposed novel. At the time, Bloch never dreamed that this character was to tap into the heart of a peculiarly American darkness. He recalled: “In my mind, the character would have been the equivalent of a Rod Steiger—type at that time, who lived alone—a recluse more or less, who didn’t have a lot of friends. How would he select his victims? I came up with his being a motel keeper because of easy access to strangers. At the time, I was not positively aware that the actual murderer had also been a grave robber. Besides, it wasn’t considered exactly polite to discuss those sorts of things in newspapers, not to mention fifties mystery fiction.”

  Following his bent for abnormal psychology, Bloch began to spin feasible—if sensational—means and motivations for his bizarre main character. The writer explained: “In itself, his living alone and victimizing transient customers wouldn’t be enough to prevent discovery of the crimes. I thought, what if he committed these crimes in an amnesiac fugue with another personality taking over? But whose personality? Now, in the late fifties, Freudian theories were very popular and, although I much prefer Jung if I have to stick with anybody, I decided to develop the story along Freudian lines. The big Freudian concept was the Oedipus fixation, so I thought, ‘Let’s say he had a th
ing about his mother,’ based strictly on the kind of inverted personality he was. Let’s suppose mother was dead—naturally for story convenience, you didn’t want her hanging around—but suppose he imagined she was still alive? The reason he had amnesiac fugues was that he became his mother while committing the crimes. He might have talked to her when alone. Then I thought, ‘But wouldn’t it be nice if she were actually present in some form?’ And that is when I came up with the notion that he had actually preserved her body.”

  Taxidermy as a major plot device assured that Bloch had crossed the dividing line between the polite “parlor mystery” of the day and the flat-out “shocker.” Bloch next toyed with the device of telling the story employing the first-person “voice” of his mama’s-boy central figure. If the gambit worked, Bloch’s surprise ending might put a whole new Freudian spin on the whodunit genre. If it failed, Bloch would land on the bones of other writers unable to bring off what Edgar Allan Poe or Jim Thompson in The Killer Inside Me had done to diabolical perfection.

  Although Bloch backed down from his original intent, he deployed nearly as risky a tactic. He explained: “I realized I had to have multiple viewpoints—a hero and a heroine—so I devised a heroine from another town who’d come to stay at this particular motel on a mission. It occurred to me to do something not generally done in fiction: establish a heroine, give her a problem, make her more or less likable so that the reader would have some kind of empathy for her, then kill her off about one-third of the way through the story. Readers would say, ‘My God, now what? We’ve lost her.’”

  Bloch was to pull off a fiendish masterstroke in stage-managing not only the timing but also the manner of the demise of his heroine. “I had the notion that a person is never more defenseless than when taking a shower,” he recalled, pride tugging at the corners of his mouth. “Naked, in a confined space, we feel we’re alone and then—well, a sudden intrusion is a very shocking thing. I hit upon a device, which worked in print, of ending the chapter by having a shower curtain flung aside. The knife cut off her scream. And her head.’* Now that’s a shockeroo. I had not thought of a film at that time; in fact, they weren’t making films with that graphic violence in those days.”